What are Bharat Small Reactors, Small Modular Reactors mentioned in Union Budget 2024?

Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) are a new class of compact nuclear reactors designed to produce electricity on a smaller scale compared to traditional large nuclear power plants. Unlike the massive nuclear facilities that require extensive infrastructure and resources.

New Delhi: In her Budget 2024 speech, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman unveiled a bold initiative to advance India’s nuclear energy sector with the introduction of Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs). This move signifies a major step in nation's expanding nuclear capabilities, which aims to make nuclear power more accessible and versatile.

What is Bharat Small Reactor (BSRs)?

Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) are a new class of compact nuclear reactors designed to produce electricity on a smaller scale compared to traditional large nuclear power plants. Unlike the massive nuclear facilities that require extensive infrastructure and resources, BSRs are designed to be more adaptable and quicker to deploy.

The BSRs will leverage India’s established 220-megawatt pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology. Currently, 16 units of this technology are operational across the country. The key innovation in BSRs is the incorporation of private sector participation in their development and deployment. It is going to be a historic change since the Atomic Energy Act of 1962 had previously restricted such involvement.

Impact of private sector partnership

The inclusion of private companies is a significant shift in India’s nuclear policy. It is expected to unlock new financing opportunities and expedite the growth of nuclear energy in India. This collaboration could lead to more efficient development and deployment of nuclear power, accelerating India’s journey towards a robust nuclear energy infrastructure.

Why BSRs are needed?

BSRs offer several advantages over traditional large-scale nuclear plants. Their smaller size means they can be sited in more varied locations, including remote areas. This flexibility makes them suitable for providing power where conventional large plants are not feasible. They are also potentially more cost-effective, reducing the overall investment required for nuclear power projects.

Applications for industry and remote areas

These reactors could serve as vital power sources for large industries such as cement and steel, which often require substantial and reliable energy inputs. Additionally, BSRs could be deployed in remote regions, providing a stable power supply where grid infrastructure is lacking.

What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) represent a global trend in nuclear energy, which has gained attention for their innovative design. Unlike BSRs, which are based on India’s existing PHWR technology, SMRs are a newer concept, which involves reactors that are factory-made and can be easily assembled on-site.

What are advantages of SMRs?

SMRs are designed to be simpler and more efficient than traditional reactors. They use passive safety systems and have inherent safety features, such as lower power outputs and operating pressures. These reactors generally require less fuel and have longer refueling intervals, which range from 3 to 7 years, compared to the 1 to 2 years required for conventional reactors. Some SMRs are even designed to operate for up to 30 years without needing refueling.

As of 2023, China and Russia are the only countries with operational SMRs, and the US is expected to complete its first SMR around 2030.