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Horse Trading in Indian Politics: In the aftermath of the recent state elections in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, and the pending results in Mizoram, the spectre of 'horse trading' looms large over Indian politics.
This term, often discussed but gaining renewed attention, sparks heightened concern among the opposition, particularly smaller parties, as the possibility of political realignment intensifies.
While dictionaries may offer various interpretations, in the context of Indian politics, 'horse trading' carries a distinct connotation. Primarily associated with the unique temptations and ambitions of Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and Members of Parliament (MPs), this term is used to describe the manoeuvring to destabilise a stable government, gain support from parties lacking a majority, or induce members to switch allegiances.
The motivations behind horse trading manifest in the form of greed — be it for positions of power, prestige, or financial gain. When a political party entices members from another party, offering inducements such as positions or monetary rewards, it falls under the umbrella of horse-trading.
The game of horse trading typically commences when no single party secures a sufficient majority to independently form a government. The policy of 'Saam, Daam, Dand, Bheda' comes into play, wherein parties employ various strategies, including financial incentives, to secure the support of opposition members, independents, or smaller parties.
In the realm of Indian politics, this strategic manoeuvring aligns with the ancient concept of 'Chanakya-Niti,' where the pursuit of power involves a combination of diplomatic tactics. The game unfolds when attempts are made to forge a government lacking numerical strength and continue until a new administration is established.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, horse trading involves bargaining and behind-the-scenes negotiations between two parties, resulting in mutual benefits. It essentially signifies a rigorous bargain where both parties seek maximum advantages, ultimately reaching a negotiated settlement.
Initially, the term 'horse trading' referred to the practice of hiding a horse from another person's stable. Over time, it evolved to signify deals based on monetary transactions. Around 1820, its usage extended to describe bargaining in the buying and selling of horses. Today, it finds a distinct application in the realm of political negotiations.
The entry of horse trading into Indian politics traces back to Haryana in October 1967, when MLA Gaya Lal astounded the public by switching parties three times in a few days. Termed 'Aaya Ram Gaya Ram,' this opportunistic practice prompted the 52nd Constitutional Amendment in 1985, introducing the 10th Schedule to curtail the rampant practice of party defections.
In essence, horse trading encapsulates the art of political bargaining, where the quest for power intertwines with strategic negotiations. From its origins in Haryana to its contemporary implications, the term serves as a testament to the dynamic nature of Indian politics and the measures taken to mitigate opportunistic practices.
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