In response to escalating regional tensions and delays in its ambitious Project Delta, the Indian Navy is seeking government approval to enhance its submarine fleet. The delays, attributed to Russias ongoing conflict with Ukraine, have prompted India to propose the construction of two new nuclear-powered conventionally armed submarines (SSNs) to bolster its defense capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region.Project Delta, which aims to augment the Indian Navys submarine fleet, has been postponed beyond 2027. Originally envisioned as a plan to acquire Russian Akula-class SSNs, the project has faced significant setbacks due to Russias preoccupation with the war in Ukraine and associated technological sanctions. These sanctions are expected to persist until at least 2028, forcing India to seek alternative solutions to strengthen its naval deterrence.Current status of Indias submarine fleetIndias submarine strategy, endorsed by the Modi government in 2015, involves a long-term plan to deploy six SSNs in the Indo-Pacific. Currently, the Indian Navy operates its first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), INS Arihant, which is actively patrolling the region. The second SSBN, INS Arighat, is poised for commissioning, with the third, INS Aridaman, expected to join the fleet early next year. These vessels are critical components of Indias nuclear triad, enhancing its strategic deterrence capabilities.Strategic need for additional SSNsThe Indian Navys decision to pursue SSNs is driven by several strategic considerations. Unlike conventional attack submarines, SSNs offer superior operational range and speed. While conventional submarines must surface frequently for battery recharging, SSNs can operate underwater at speeds of up to 20 knots, compared to the 4-5 knots of diesel-electric submarines. This enhanced capability is crucial for maintaining a strategic edge over adversaries.Regional tensions and emerging threatsThe strategic landscape in the Indo-Pacific is increasingly competitive. Chinas naval ambitions include long-range patrols in the Indian Ocean and the provision of Yuan-class SSKs to Pakistan. Last year, a Chinese Song-class submarine participated in joint exercises with Pakistan, showcasing its capabilities in a simulated attack scenario. Additionally, Bangladesh has acquired Ming-class submarines from China, further escalating regional naval dynamics.The role of SSNs in Indias defense strategyIndias SSBNs are primarily designed for nuclear deterrence and second-strike capability, equipped with K-15 and K-4 ballistic missiles with ranges of 750 km and 3000 km, respectively. However, SSNs play a critical role in anti-submarine warfare and strategic surveillance. They are essential for countering the presence of Chinese submarines in the Indian Ocean, particularly those using strategic routes such as the Ombai-Wetar straits.Conclusion and next stepsThe Indian Navys proposal to build SSNs represents a strategic move to enhance its operational capabilities and counter emerging threats. The request for approval is currently under review at the highest levels of government, with consultations ongoing to expedite the decision-making process. Convincing Defense Minister Rajnath Singh and national security planners of the urgency and necessity of this initiative will be crucial for advancing Indias naval capabilities.
